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STNETNOC OT KCAB |
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GRO.AIDEPIKIW :ECNEREFER -- |
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".REHTEGOTLA NOITAICNUNORP GNIDRAGERSID ,SDROW EVITAN TNESERPER OT SEGAUGNAL NAEROK DNA ESENAPAJ EHT YB GNINAEM RIEHT OT GNIDROCCA DETPODA EREW SRETCARAHC ESENIHC YNAM ,NOITIDDA NI |
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.RETCARAHC EMAS EHT HTIW NETTIRW EB NAC SNOITAICNUNORP TNEREFFID TUB GNINAEM RALIMIS RO EMAS EHT EVAH HCIHW STCELAID/SEGAUGNAL ESENIHC SUOIRAV EHT NI SETANGOC .ETIRW OT SRETCARAHC EROM RO OWT ERIUQER SUHT DNA CIBALLYS-YLOP ERA ESENIHC FO SEITEIRAV NREDOM LLA NI SDROW FO YTIROJAM A .ELBALLYS NEKOPS ELGNIS A OT SDNOPSERROC RETCARAHC HCAE ,METSYS GNITIRW ESENIHC EHT NI |
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.SRETCARAHC DNASUOHT RUOF DNA EERHT NEEWTEB FO EGDELWONK A SERIUQER YCARETIL LLUF TAHT NWOHS EVAH ANIHC NI TUO DEIRRAC SEIDUTS .YROTSIH TUOHGUORHT DETALUMUCCA STNAIRAV DESU YLERAR ERA ESEHT FO REBMUN EGRAL A HGUOHTLA ,530,74 YLETAMIXORPPA SI YRANOITCID IXGNAK EHT NI DENIATNOC SRETCARAHC ESENIHC FO REBMUN EHT .ESEMANTEIV YLREMROF DNA ,NAEROK SEMITEMOS ,ESENAPAJ ,ESENIHC GNITIRW NI DESU MARGOGOL A SI )IZNAH :NIYNIP ; :ESENIHC LANOITIDART ; :ESENIHC DEIFILPMIS( RETCARAHC NAH RO RETCARAHC ESENIHC A" |
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"...SRETCARAHC ESENIHC DRADNATS..." 93 |
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GRO.AIDEPIKIW :ECNEREFER -- |
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"."EMAN EMAS" EHT GNIRAHS SDROW TCNITSID EROM RO OWT OT SREFER TI ,SUHT .)EMAN GNINAEM( MYNO- XIFFUS DNA )EMAS GNINAEM( -OMOH XIFERP KEERG EHT FO NOITCNUJNOC EHT MORF SEMOC "MYNOMOH" DROW EHT .)YLEVITCEPSER ,"2" DNA ,YLEVISSECXE ,OSLA ,"MORF" FO ETISOPPO EHT ,"REISAE TI EKAM OT' NI SA RO ESOPRUP EHT ROF" GNIEB ,OWT DNA OOT ,OOT ,OT ,OT ,YLLAUTCA( OWT DNA OOT ,OT :SENOHPOMOH "YLNO" SA MEHT ETANGISED SREHTO TUB ,SMYNOMOH EB OT SDROW FO OIRT GNIWOLLOF EHT REDISNOC OSLA SECRUOS EMOS |
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.)EVAEL FO ESNET TSAP( TFEL DNA )THGIR FO ETISOPPO( TFEL ,)YRRAC( RAEB DNA )LAMINA( RAEB ,)DNUORA ENOEMOS WOLLOF OT RO TNALP A FO TRAP REHTIE NAEM NAC HCIHW( KLATS ERA SMYNOMOH FO SELPMAXE .)SGNINAEM TNEREFFID GNIVAH OT NOITIDDA NI( NOITAICNUNORP RO GNILLEPS EMAS EHT ERAHS SMYNOMOH TAHT ERIUQER YLNO SECRUOS EMOS .SGNINAEM TNEREFFID EVAH TUB NOITAICNUNORP EMAS EHT DNA GNILLEPS EMAS EHT ERAHS TAHT SDROW FO PUORG A FO ENO SI MYNOMOH A ,SCITSIUGNIL NI" |
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"...SMYNOMOH FO REBMUN TAERG A EVAH ELPOEP ESENAPAJ EHT ..." 83 |
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.SU=LG&3=DC&KNLC=TC&NE=LH&7491+,TREPXE+EGAUGNAL+COD. 131RETERPRETNI/PSLJ/SNOITCELLO C/SEVIHCRA/UDE.ODAROLOC.SEIRARBILBCU:JEQRDPB_MAIZ:EHCAC=Q?HCRAES/401.371.58.902//:PTTH |
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DNA GRO.AIDEPIKIW :SECNEREFER -- |
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".ERIPME NAMOR EHT RETFA DELEDOM TENALP A NO SEMAG LAIROTAIDALG NI THGIF OT DECROF ERA SNOINAPMOC SIH DNA KRIK NIATPAC :WEIVREVO .EDOSIPE DEHSINIF EHT NI TIDERC NEERCS EVIECER TON DID EH HGUOHTLA ,"SESUCRIC DNA DAERB" EDOSIPE SEIRES LANIGIRO EHT :KERT RATS EHT ROF YROTS EHT ETORW NHOJ .SWOHS REHTO DNA ,YROTS TNIOP TSEW ,MAHKRAM ,TNORFRETAW ,TSEW DLIW ,DLIW EHT ROF STPIRCS GNITIRW ,DOOWYLLOH NI RETIRW VT A SA SRAEY 02 TNEPS EH ,RAW EHT RETFA |
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.RECIFFO EGAUGNAL ESENAPAJ YVAN A SA DEVRES EH .3491 TSUGUA NI DETAUDARG DNA 2491 YLUJ NI ODAROLOC FO YTISREVINU EHT TA LOOHCS EGAUGNAL ESENAPAJ YVAN SU EHT GNIRETNE ,2491 NI YVAN SU EHT DENIOJ EH .RETAEHT YTINUMMOC ULULONOH EHT ROF SYALP ETORW DNA ELAY DNA UOHANUP TA DETACUDE SAW EH .DLO SRAEY 31 SAW EH LITNU TUH DEHCTAHT S'REHTOMDNARG NAOMAS SIH NI PU WERG LHUBUENK ,YRTSECNA NAMREG DNA HSILGNE ,NAOMAS FO NROB .2991 NI DEID OHW THGIRWYALP DNALSI CIFICAP DEMIALCCA NA SAW NHOJ ,YRTSECNA NACIREMA/NAOMAS DEXIM FO SAW ,LHUBUENK .A NHOJ" |
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" ... YVAN EHT MORF TSILAICEPS EGAUGNAL ESENAPAJ A ..." 73 |
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SETONTOOF |
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".DAEHA TNEW EW OS ,AEDI RETTEB A DAH ESLE ENO ON |
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.REHTIE SNOITSEUQ REWSNA OT TNEMTIMMOC YNA EKAM TON DID EHS HGUOHTLA ,EGAUGNAL EHT GNINRAEL OT TCEJBO TON DID EHS .LRIA OT AEDI SIHT DESOPORP DNA MOOR WEIVRETNI EHT OT DENRUTER I |
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!RETSAF RO ,DLO RAEY 5 A SA YLKCIUQ SA EGAUGNAL A KAEPS OT NRAEL YLBABORP DLUOC EHS TAHT ,YXALAG EHT SSORCA TFARC ECAPS A YLF DNA ,YLLACIHTAPELET EM HTIW ETACINUMMOC OT HGUONE TNEGILLETNI SAW NEILA EHT FI TAHT ,KNIHT I ,DEMUSSA OSLA YEHT .RAMMARG LATNEMADNUF NI NOITCURTSNI SA LLEW SA ,DROW NETTIRW EHT HTIW NOITAICOSSA DNUOS DNA DROW YB DAER OT THGUAT SI DLIHC A SA TSUJ ,DAER OT THGUAT EB YLLAUTNEVE DLUOC NEILA EHT TAHT SAW YROEHT EHT |
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.GNOLA WOLLOF DLUOC EHS TAHT OS REGNIF YM HTIW GNIDAER SAW I TXET EHT OT GNITNIOP ELIHW ,SKOOB EHT MORF REH OT DUOLA DAER DNA NEILA EHT OT TXEN TIS DLUOW I TAHT SAW NALP EHT .MOOR WEIVRETNI EHT OTNI EM HTIW TXET RAMMARG DNA ,REMIRP GNIDAER CISAB A DNA ,SKOOB S'NERDLIHC LAREVES EKAT I TAHT DETSEGGUS STSILAICEPS EGAUGNAL EHT |
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.SNOITSEGGUS REHTO ON EREW EREHT SA ,HCAORPPA SIHT GNIYRT OT NOITCEJBO YNA DAH ENO ON .TSILAICEPS EGAUGNAL EHT FO ECNADIUG EHT HTIW REH OT TI HCAET I TAHT DNA ,HSILGNE NRAEL OT LRIA EDAUSREP I TAHT :ELBISSOP SAW ECIOHC ENO YLNO YLLAUTCAF .HSILGNE KAEPS OT NRAEL OT DAH NEILA EHT RO ,NEILA EHT FO EGAUGNAL EHT KAEPS OT NRAEL OT DAH I .SECIOHC OWT YLNO EREW EREHT TAHT DETSEGGUS EH ,EROFEREHT |
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.SNOITAN RO ,SPUORG ,ELPOEP LLA NEEWTEB NOITACINUMMOC NI ROTCAF GNITIMIL EHT SAW ,YLTNEULF ESU NAC SEITRAP LLA TAHT SDROW DENIFED YLRAELC FO YRALUBACOV NOMMOC A FO KCAL EHT .NERDLIHC LLAMS OWT NEEWTEB RO ,SGOD DNA NEM NEEWTEB GNIDNATSREDNU YRATNEMIDUR EHT DNOYEB ELBISSOP TON SAW NOITACINUMMOC ERUTALCNEMON DENIFED A TUOHTIW |
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.MEHT ROF RETTAM EHT PU SRAELC SIHT .GNISU ERA YEHT DROW EHT FO SGNINAEM TCAXE EHT NWOD ETIRW OT )ETONTOOF( 93 SRETCARAHC ESENIHC DRADNATS GNISU YB MELBORP SIHT EVLOS YEHT .NOITACINUMMOC YAD OT YAD NI NOISUFNOC FO TOL A ESUAC HCIHW EGAUGNAL RIEHT NI )ETONTOOF( 83 SMYNOMOH FO TOL A EVAH ELPOEP ESENAPAJ EHT TAHT DIAS EH .SGNINAEM DNA STPECNOC ESICERP YREV YEVNOC EGAUGNAL NI SLOBMYS DNA SDROW |
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.EGAUGNAL NOMMOC A HGUORHT ETACINUMMOC DNA DNATSREDNU OT DEDEEN SEITRAP HTOB ,NEPPAH OT NOITACINUMMOC EVISNEHERPMOC ,RAELC YNA ROF REDRO NI ,DNOCES .FLESYM NAHT REHTO ENOYNA HTIW ETACINUMMOC OT SSENGNILLIWNU REH HTIW OD OT EROM DAH TI .ETACINUMMOC OT NEILA EHT FO YTILIBANI EHT HTIW OD OT ELTTIL YREV DAH MELBORP EHT ,TSRIF ,TAHT DENIALPXE EH .MELBORP EHT OT NOITULOS A DNA NOITANALPXE NA DAH )ETONTOOF( 73 ,YVAN EHT MORF TSILAICEPS EGAUGNAL ESENAPAJ A SAW OHW ,ELBWEN NHOJ DEMAN WOLLEF REVELC YREV A ,YLETANUTROF |
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.REH HTIW ETACINUMMOC DLUOC OHW DNUOF NEEB DAH ESLE ENO ON TAHT RO ,ESLE ENOYNA HTIW ETACINUMMOC OT DESUFER NEILA EHT TAHT TCAF EHT FO ETIPS NI ,NOITISOP YM MORF DEVOMER EB OT GNIOG SAW I ERUS SAW I !EROFEB NAHT STNEMUGRA EROM NEVE SAW EREHT ,WON DNA |
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!PU GNIVIG EKIL TLEF TSOMLA I TNIOP TAHT TA DEGARUOCSID OS SAW I .YROTCAFSITAS EB OT HGUONE YLRAELC NEILA EHT FO EGAUGNAL CIHTAPELET EHT DNATSREDNU OT YTILIBANI YM HTIW OD OT DAH MELBORP NOITACINUMMOC EHT SPAHREP TAHT SLAICIFFO EHT DLOT I .SNOITNETNI CIHTAPELET REH ETALUCITRA OT DLUOC I TSEB EHT GNIOD SAW I TUB ,REHTIE TNAEM EHS TAHW DNATSREDNU YLLAER T'NDLUOC I TAHT DETTIMDA I |
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.SIHT YB TNAEM NEILA EHT TAHW DNATSREDNU TON DLUOC YEHT .LENNOSREP YRATILIM DNA STNEGA ECNEGILLETNI DELBMESSA EHT MORF NOITPECER LACITPEKS DNA MIRG A DEVIECER I NOITSEUQ SIHT OT ESNOPSER NEILA EHT TROPER OT MOOR WEIVRETNI EHT MORF DENRUTER I NEHW" |
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)ETON LANOSREP YORLECAM LLENNOD'O ADLITAM( |
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".DNATSREDNU / WONK / NRAEL TSUM .SREHTO ON .SNOITSEUQ EHS YLNO .SRAEH EHS YLNO .SKAEPS EHS YLNO |
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- REWSNA |
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".SNOITSEUQ RUO REWSNA OT HGUONE EFAS LEEF UOY EKAM LLIW TAHT SU MORF ERIUQER UOY OD FOORP RO ECNARUSSA TAHW" - NOITSEUQ" |
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NOISSES DR3 ,7491 .7 .11 ,WEIVRETNI NEILA :TCEJBUS |
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PUORG BMOB HT905 ,DLEIF RIA YMRA LLEWSOR ECROF RIA YMRA .S.U EHT FO TPIRCSNART LAICIFFO |
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TERCES POT |
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)WEIVRETNI FO TPIRCSNART LAICIFFO( |
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":NOITSEUQ GNIWOLLOF EHT OT REH MORF REWSNA YROTCAFSITAS A TEG DLUOC I DEDIVORP ,NEILA EHT WEIVRETNI OT EUNITNOC DEWOLLA EB DLUOHS I TAHT DEDICED YLLANIF SAW TI .SRUOH LAREVES ROF DETSAL SIHT |
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.SRETERPRETNI EGAUGNAL EHT DNA TSIGOLOHCYSP ,SLAICIFFO YRATILIM ,SRECIFFO ECNEGILLETNI EHT FO EMOS NEEWTEB ECALP KOOT NOISSUCSID DETAEH YREV A .LIOMRUT DNA TESPU FO LAED TAERG A SAW EREHT ,STNEGA ECNEGILLETNI EHT OT REWSNA "REWSNA ON" EHT ROF SNOSAER EHT EREW THGUOHT I TAHW DENIALPXE I RETFA" |
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)ETON LANOSREP YORLECAM LLENNOD'O ADLITAM( |
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REIRRAB EGAUGNAL EHT - RUOF RETPAHC |
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CHAPTER FOUR - THE LANGUAGE BARRIER |
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(MATILDA O'DONNELL MACELROY PERSONAL NOTE) |
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"AFTER I EXPLAINED WHAT I THOUGHT WERE THE REASONS FOR THE "NO ANSWER" ANSWER TO THE INTELLIGENCE AGENTS, THERE WAS A GREAT DEAL OF UPSET AND TURMOIL. A VERY HEATED DISCUSSION TOOK PLACE BETWEEN SOME OF THE INTELLIGENCE OFFICERS, MILITARY OFFICIALS, PSYCHOLOGIST AND THE LANGUAGE INTERPRETERS. |
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THIS LASTED FOR SEVERAL HOURS. IT WAS FINALLY DECIDED THAT I SHOULD BE ALLOWED CONTINUE TO INTERVIEW THE ALIEN, PROVIDED I COULD GET A SATISFACTORY ANSWER FROM HER TO THE FOLLOWING QUESTION:" |
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(OFFICIAL TRANSCRIPT OF INTERVIEW) |
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TOP SECRET |
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OFFICIAL TRANSCRIPT OF THE U.S. ARMY AIR FORCE ROSWELL ARMY AIR FIELD, 509TH BOMB GROUP |
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SUBJECT: ALIEN INTERVIEW, 11. 7. 1947, 3RD SESSION |
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"QUESTION - "WHAT ASSURANCE OR PROOF DO YOU REQUIRE FROM US THAT WILL MAKE YOU FEEL SAFE ENOUGH TO ANSWER OUR QUESTIONS." |
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ANSWER - |
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ONLY SHE SPEAKS. ONLY SHE HEARS. ONLY SHE QUESTIONS. NO OTHERS. MUST LEARN / KNOW / UNDERSTAND." |
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(MATILDA O'DONNELL MACELROY PERSONAL NOTE) |
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"WHEN I RETURNED FROM THE INTERVIEW ROOM TO REPORT THE ALIEN RESPONSE TO THIS QUESTION I RECEIVED A GRIM AND SKEPTICAL RECEPTION FROM THE ASSEMBLED INTELLIGENCE AGENTS AND MILITARY PERSONNEL. THEY COULD NOT UNDERSTAND WHAT THE ALIEN MEANT BY THIS. |
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I ADMITTED THAT I COULDN'T REALLY UNDERSTAND WHAT SHE MEANT EITHER, BUT I WAS DOING THE BEST I COULD TO ARTICULATE HER TELEPATHIC INTENTIONS. I TOLD THE OFFICIALS THAT PERHAPS THE COMMUNICATION PROBLEM HAD TO DO WITH MY INABILITY TO UNDERSTAND THE TELEPATHIC LANGUAGE OF THE ALIEN CLEARLY ENOUGH TO BE SATISFACTORY. I WAS SO DISCOURAGED AT THAT POINT I ALMOST FELT LIKE GIVING UP! |
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AND NOW, THERE WAS EVEN MORE ARGUMENTS THAN BEFORE! I WAS SURE I WAS GOING TO BE REMOVED FROM MY POSITION, IN SPITE OF THE FACT THAT THE ALIEN REFUSED TO COMMUNICATE WITH ANYONE ELSE, OR THAT NO ONE ELSE HAD BEEN FOUND WHO COULD COMMUNICATE WITH HER. |
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FORTUNATELY, A VERY CLEVER FELLOW NAMED JOHN NEWBLE, WHO WAS A JAPANESE LANGUAGE SPECIALIST FROM THE NAVY, 37 (FOOTNOTE) HAD AN EXPLANATION AND A SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM. HE EXPLAINED THAT, FIRST, THE PROBLEM HAD VERY LITTLE TO DO WITH THE INABILITY OF THE ALIEN TO COMMUNICATE. IT HAD MORE TO DO WITH HER UNWILLINGNESS TO COMMUNICATE WITH ANYONE OTHER THAN MYSELF. SECOND, IN ORDER FOR ANY CLEAR, COMPREHENSIVE COMMUNICATION TO HAPPEN, BOTH PARTIES NEEDED TO UNDERSTAND AND COMMUNICATE THROUGH A COMMON LANGUAGE. |
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WORDS AND SYMBOLS IN LANGUAGE CONVEY VERY PRECISE CONCEPTS AND MEANINGS. HE SAID THAT THE JAPANESE PEOPLE HAVE A LOT OF HOMONYMS 38 (FOOTNOTE) IN THEIR LANGUAGE WHICH CAUSE A LOT OF CONFUSION IN DAY TO DAY COMMUNICATION. THEY SOLVE THIS PROBLEM BY USING STANDARD CHINESE CHARACTERS 39 (FOOTNOTE) TO WRITE DOWN THE EXACT MEANINGS OF THE WORD THEY ARE USING. THIS CLEARS UP THE MATTER FOR THEM. |
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WITHOUT A DEFINED NOMENCLATURE COMMUNICATION WAS NOT POSSIBLE BEYOND THE RUDIMENTARY UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN MEN AND DOGS, OR BETWEEN TWO SMALL CHILDREN. THE LACK OF A COMMON VOCABULARY OF CLEARLY DEFINED WORDS THAT ALL PARTIES CAN USE FLUENTLY, WAS THE LIMITING FACTOR IN COMMUNICATION BETWEEN ALL PEOPLE, GROUPS, OR NATIONS. |
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THEREFORE, HE SUGGESTED THAT THERE WERE ONLY TWO CHOICES. I HAD TO LEARN TO SPEAK THE LANGUAGE OF THE ALIEN, OR THE ALIEN HAD TO LEARN TO SPEAK ENGLISH. FACTUALLY ONLY ONE CHOICE WAS POSSIBLE: THAT I PERSUADE AIRL TO LEARN ENGLISH, AND THAT I TEACH IT TO HER WITH THE GUIDANCE OF THE LANGUAGE SPECIALIST. NO ONE HAD ANY OBJECTION TO TRYING THIS APPROACH, AS THERE WERE NO OTHER SUGGESTIONS. |
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THE LANGUAGE SPECIALISTS SUGGESTED THAT I TAKE SEVERAL CHILDREN'S BOOKS, AND A BASIC READING PRIMER, AND GRAMMAR TEXT WITH ME INTO THE INTERVIEW ROOM. THE PLAN WAS THAT I WOULD SIT NEXT TO THE ALIEN AND READ ALOUD TO HER FROM THE BOOKS, WHILE POINTING TO THE TEXT I WAS READING WITH MY FINGER SO THAT SHE COULD FOLLOW ALONG. |
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THE THEORY WAS THAT THE ALIEN COULD EVENTUALLY BE TAUGHT TO READ, JUST AS A CHILD IS TAUGHT TO READ BY WORD AND SOUND ASSOCIATION WITH THE WRITTEN WORD, AS WELL AS INSTRUCTION IN FUNDAMENTAL GRAMMAR. THEY ALSO ASSUMED, I THINK, THAT IF THE ALIEN WAS INTELLIGENT ENOUGH TO COMMUNICATE WITH ME TELEPATHICALLY, AND FLY A SPACE CRAFT ACROSS THE GALAXY, THAT SHE COULD PROBABLY LEARN TO SPEAK A LANGUAGE AS QUICKLY AS A 5 YEAR OLD, OR FASTER! |
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I RETURNED TO THE INTERVIEW ROOM AND PROPOSED THIS IDEA TO AIRL. SHE DID NOT OBJECT TO LEARNING THE LANGUAGE, ALTHOUGH SHE DID NOT MAKE ANY COMMITMENT TO ANSWER QUESTIONS EITHER. |
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NO ONE ELSE HAD A BETTER IDEA, SO WE WENT AHEAD." |
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FOOTNOTES |
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37 "... A JAPANESE LANGUAGE SPECIALIST FROM THE NAVY ... " |
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"JOHN A. KNEUBUHL, WAS OF MIXED SAMOAN/AMERICAN ANCESTRY, JOHN WAS AN ACCLAIMED PACIFIC ISLAND PLAYWRIGHT WHO DIED IN 1992. BORN OF SAMOAN, ENGLISH AND GERMAN ANCESTRY, KNEUBUHL GREW UP IN HIS SAMOAN GRANDMOTHER'S THATCHED HUT UNTIL HE WAS 13 YEARS OLD. HE WAS EDUCATED AT PUNAHOU AND YALE AND WROTE PLAYS FOR THE HONOLULU COMMUNITY THEATER. HE JOINED THE US NAVY IN 1942, ENTERING THE US NAVY JAPANESE LANGUAGE SCHOOL AT THE UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO IN JULY 1942 AND GRADUATED IN AUGUST 1943. HE SERVED AS A NAVY JAPANESE LANGUAGE OFFICER. |
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AFTER THE WAR, HE SPENT 20 YEARS AS A TV WRITER IN HOLLYWOOD, WRITING SCRIPTS FOR THE WILD, WILD WEST, WATERFRONT, MARKHAM, WEST POINT STORY, AND OTHER SHOWS. JOHN WROTE THE STORY FOR THE STAR TREK: THE ORIGINAL SERIES EPISODE "BREAD AND CIRCUSES", ALTHOUGH HE DID NOT RECEIVE SCREEN CREDIT IN THE FINISHED EPISODE. OVERVIEW: CAPTAIN KIRK AND HIS COMPANIONS ARE FORCED TO FIGHT IN GLADIATORIAL GAMES ON A PLANET MODELED AFTER THE ROMAN EMPIRE." |
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-- REFERENCES: WIKIPEDIA.ORG AND |
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HTTP://209.85.173.104/SEARCH?Q=CACHE:ZIAM_BPDRQEJ:UCBLIBRARIES.COLORADO.EDU/ARCHIVES/C OLLECTIONS/JLSP/INTERPRETER131 .DOC+LANGUAGE+EXPERT,+1947&HL=EN&CT=CLNK&CD=3&GL=US. |
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38 "... THE JAPANESE PEOPLE HAVE A GREAT NUMBER OF HOMONYMS..." |
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"IN LINGUISTICS, A HOMONYM IS ONE OF A GROUP OF WORDS THAT SHARE THE SAME SPELLING AND THE SAME PRONUNCIATION BUT HAVE DIFFERENT MEANINGS. SOME SOURCES ONLY REQUIRE THAT HOMONYMS SHARE THE SAME SPELLING OR PRONUNCIATION (IN ADDITION TO HAVING DIFFERENT MEANINGS). EXAMPLES OF HOMONYMS ARE STALK (WHICH CAN MEAN EITHER PART OF A PLANT OR TO FOLLOW SOMEONE AROUND), BEAR (ANIMAL) AND BEAR (CARRY), LEFT (OPPOSITE OF RIGHT) AND LEFT (PAST TENSE OF LEAVE). |
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SOME SOURCES ALSO CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING TRIO OF WORDS TO BE HOMONYMS, BUT OTHERS DESIGNATE THEM AS "ONLY" HOMOPHONES: TO, TOO AND TWO (ACTUALLY, TO, TO, TOO, TOO AND TWO, BEING "FOR THE PURPOSE OR AS IN 'TO MAKE IT EASIER", THE OPPOSITE OF "FROM", ALSO, EXCESSIVELY, AND "2", RESPECTIVELY). THE WORD "HOMONYM" COMES FROM THE CONJUNCTION OF THE GREEK PREFIX HOMO- (MEANING SAME) AND SUFFIX -ONYM (MEANING NAME). THUS, IT REFERS TO TWO OR MORE DISTINCT WORDS SHARING THE "SAME NAME"." |
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-- REFERENCE: WIKIPEDIA.ORG |
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39 "...STANDARD CHINESE CHARACTERS..." |
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"A CHINESE CHARACTER OR HAN CHARACTER (SIMPLIFIED CHINESE: ; TRADITIONAL CHINESE: ; PINYIN: HANZI) IS A LOGOGRAM USED IN WRITING CHINESE, JAPANESE, SOMETIMES KOREAN, AND FORMERLY VIETNAMESE. THE NUMBER OF CHINESE CHARACTERS CONTAINED IN THE KANGXI DICTIONARY IS APPROXIMATELY 47,035, ALTHOUGH A LARGE NUMBER OF THESE ARE RARELY USED VARIANTS ACCUMULATED THROUGHOUT HISTORY. STUDIES CARRIED OUT IN CHINA HAVE SHOWN THAT FULL LITERACY REQUIRES A KNOWLEDGE OF BETWEEN THREE AND FOUR THOUSAND CHARACTERS. |
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IN THE CHINESE WRITING SYSTEM, EACH CHARACTER CORRESPONDS TO A SINGLE SPOKEN SYLLABLE. A MAJORITY OF WORDS IN ALL MODERN VARIETIES OF CHINESE ARE POLY-SYLLABIC AND THUS REQUIRE TWO OR MORE CHARACTERS TO WRITE. COGNATES IN THE VARIOUS CHINESE LANGUAGES/DIALECTS WHICH HAVE THE SAME OR SIMILAR MEANING BUT DIFFERENT PRONUNCIATIONS CAN BE WRITTEN WITH THE SAME CHARACTER. |
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IN ADDITION, MANY CHINESE CHARACTERS WERE ADOPTED ACCORDING TO THEIR MEANING BY THE JAPANESE AND KOREAN LANGUAGES TO REPRESENT NATIVE WORDS, DISREGARDING PRONUNCIATION ALTOGETHER." |
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-- REFERENCE: WIKIPEDIA.ORG |
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STNETNOC OT KCAB |
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GRO.AIDEPIKIW :ECNEREFER -- |
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".REHTEGOTLA NOITAICNUNORP GNIDRAGERSID ,SDROW EVITAN TNESERPER OT SEGAUGNAL NAEROK DNA ESENAPAJ EHT YB GNINAEM RIEHT OT GNIDROCCA DETPODA EREW SRETCARAHC ESENIHC YNAM ,NOITIDDA NI |
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.RETCARAHC EMAS EHT HTIW NETTIRW EB NAC SNOITAICNUNORP TNEREFFID TUB GNINAEM RALIMIS RO EMAS EHT EVAH HCIHW STCELAID/SEGAUGNAL ESENIHC SUOIRAV EHT NI SETANGOC .ETIRW OT SRETCARAHC EROM RO OWT ERIUQER SUHT DNA CIBALLYS-YLOP ERA ESENIHC FO SEITEIRAV NREDOM LLA NI SDROW FO YTIROJAM A .ELBALLYS NEKOPS ELGNIS A OT SDNOPSERROC RETCARAHC HCAE ,METSYS GNITIRW ESENIHC EHT NI |
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.SRETCARAHC DNASUOHT RUOF DNA EERHT NEEWTEB FO EGDELWONK A SERIUQER YCARETIL LLUF TAHT NWOHS EVAH ANIHC NI TUO DEIRRAC SEIDUTS .YROTSIH TUOHGUORHT DETALUMUCCA STNAIRAV DESU YLERAR ERA ESEHT FO REBMUN EGRAL A HGUOHTLA ,530,74 YLETAMIXORPPA SI YRANOITCID IXGNAK EHT NI DENIATNOC SRETCARAHC ESENIHC FO REBMUN EHT .ESEMANTEIV YLREMROF DNA ,NAEROK SEMITEMOS ,ESENAPAJ ,ESENIHC GNITIRW NI DESU MARGOGOL A SI )IZNAH :NIYNIP ; :ESENIHC LANOITIDART ; :ESENIHC DEIFILPMIS( RETCARAHC NAH RO RETCARAHC ESENIHC A" |
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"...SRETCARAHC ESENIHC DRADNATS..." 93 |
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GRO.AIDEPIKIW :ECNEREFER -- |
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"."EMAN EMAS" EHT GNIRAHS SDROW TCNITSID EROM RO OWT OT SREFER TI ,SUHT .)EMAN GNINAEM( MYNO- XIFFUS DNA )EMAS GNINAEM( -OMOH XIFERP KEERG EHT FO NOITCNUJNOC EHT MORF SEMOC "MYNOMOH" DROW EHT .)YLEVITCEPSER ,"2" DNA ,YLEVISSECXE ,OSLA ,"MORF" FO ETISOPPO EHT ,"REISAE TI EKAM OT' NI SA RO ESOPRUP EHT ROF" GNIEB ,OWT DNA OOT ,OOT ,OT ,OT ,YLLAUTCA( OWT DNA OOT ,OT :SENOHPOMOH "YLNO" SA MEHT ETANGISED SREHTO TUB ,SMYNOMOH EB OT SDROW FO OIRT GNIWOLLOF EHT REDISNOC OSLA SECRUOS EMOS |
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.)EVAEL FO ESNET TSAP( TFEL DNA )THGIR FO ETISOPPO( TFEL ,)YRRAC( RAEB DNA )LAMINA( RAEB ,)DNUORA ENOEMOS WOLLOF OT RO TNALP A FO TRAP REHTIE NAEM NAC HCIHW( KLATS ERA SMYNOMOH FO SELPMAXE .)SGNINAEM TNEREFFID GNIVAH OT NOITIDDA NI( NOITAICNUNORP RO GNILLEPS EMAS EHT ERAHS SMYNOMOH TAHT ERIUQER YLNO SECRUOS EMOS .SGNINAEM TNEREFFID EVAH TUB NOITAICNUNORP EMAS EHT DNA GNILLEPS EMAS EHT ERAHS TAHT SDROW FO PUORG A FO ENO SI MYNOMOH A ,SCITSIUGNIL NI" |
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"...SMYNOMOH FO REBMUN TAERG A EVAH ELPOEP ESENAPAJ EHT ..." 83 |
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.SU=LG&3=DC&KNLC=TC&NE=LH&7491+,TREPXE+EGAUGNAL+COD. 131RETERPRETNI/PSLJ/SNOITCELLO C/SEVIHCRA/UDE.ODAROLOC.SEIRARBILBCU:JEQRDPB_MAIZ:EHCAC=Q?HCRAES/401.371.58.902//:PTTH |
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DNA GRO.AIDEPIKIW :SECNEREFER -- |
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".ERIPME NAMOR EHT RETFA DELEDOM TENALP A NO SEMAG LAIROTAIDALG NI THGIF OT DECROF ERA SNOINAPMOC SIH DNA KRIK NIATPAC :WEIVREVO .EDOSIPE DEHSINIF EHT NI TIDERC NEERCS EVIECER TON DID EH HGUOHTLA ,"SESUCRIC DNA DAERB" EDOSIPE SEIRES LANIGIRO EHT :KERT RATS EHT ROF YROTS EHT ETORW NHOJ .SWOHS REHTO DNA ,YROTS TNIOP TSEW ,MAHKRAM ,TNORFRETAW ,TSEW DLIW ,DLIW EHT ROF STPIRCS GNITIRW ,DOOWYLLOH NI RETIRW VT A SA SRAEY 02 TNEPS EH ,RAW EHT RETFA |
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.RECIFFO EGAUGNAL ESENAPAJ YVAN A SA DEVRES EH .3491 TSUGUA NI DETAUDARG DNA 2491 YLUJ NI ODAROLOC FO YTISREVINU EHT TA LOOHCS EGAUGNAL ESENAPAJ YVAN SU EHT GNIRETNE ,2491 NI YVAN SU EHT DENIOJ EH .RETAEHT YTINUMMOC ULULONOH EHT ROF SYALP ETORW DNA ELAY DNA UOHANUP TA DETACUDE SAW EH .DLO SRAEY 31 SAW EH LITNU TUH DEHCTAHT S'REHTOMDNARG NAOMAS SIH NI PU WERG LHUBUENK ,YRTSECNA NAMREG DNA HSILGNE ,NAOMAS FO NROB .2991 NI DEID OHW THGIRWYALP DNALSI CIFICAP DEMIALCCA NA SAW NHOJ ,YRTSECNA NACIREMA/NAOMAS DEXIM FO SAW ,LHUBUENK .A NHOJ" |
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" ... YVAN EHT MORF TSILAICEPS EGAUGNAL ESENAPAJ A ..." 73 |
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SETONTOOF |
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".DAEHA TNEW EW OS ,AEDI RETTEB A DAH ESLE ENO ON |
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.REHTIE SNOITSEUQ REWSNA OT TNEMTIMMOC YNA EKAM TON DID EHS HGUOHTLA ,EGAUGNAL EHT GNINRAEL OT TCEJBO TON DID EHS .LRIA OT AEDI SIHT DESOPORP DNA MOOR WEIVRETNI EHT OT DENRUTER I |
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!RETSAF RO ,DLO RAEY 5 A SA YLKCIUQ SA EGAUGNAL A KAEPS OT NRAEL YLBABORP DLUOC EHS TAHT ,YXALAG EHT SSORCA TFARC ECAPS A YLF DNA ,YLLACIHTAPELET EM HTIW ETACINUMMOC OT HGUONE TNEGILLETNI SAW NEILA EHT FI TAHT ,KNIHT I ,DEMUSSA OSLA YEHT .RAMMARG LATNEMADNUF NI NOITCURTSNI SA LLEW SA ,DROW NETTIRW EHT HTIW NOITAICOSSA DNUOS DNA DROW YB DAER OT THGUAT SI DLIHC A SA TSUJ ,DAER OT THGUAT EB YLLAUTNEVE DLUOC NEILA EHT TAHT SAW YROEHT EHT |
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.GNOLA WOLLOF DLUOC EHS TAHT OS REGNIF YM HTIW GNIDAER SAW I TXET EHT OT GNITNIOP ELIHW ,SKOOB EHT MORF REH OT DUOLA DAER DNA NEILA EHT OT TXEN TIS DLUOW I TAHT SAW NALP EHT .MOOR WEIVRETNI EHT OTNI EM HTIW TXET RAMMARG DNA ,REMIRP GNIDAER CISAB A DNA ,SKOOB S'NERDLIHC LAREVES EKAT I TAHT DETSEGGUS STSILAICEPS EGAUGNAL EHT |
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.SNOITSEGGUS REHTO ON EREW EREHT SA ,HCAORPPA SIHT GNIYRT OT NOITCEJBO YNA DAH ENO ON .TSILAICEPS EGAUGNAL EHT FO ECNADIUG EHT HTIW REH OT TI HCAET I TAHT DNA ,HSILGNE NRAEL OT LRIA EDAUSREP I TAHT :ELBISSOP SAW ECIOHC ENO YLNO YLLAUTCAF .HSILGNE KAEPS OT NRAEL OT DAH NEILA EHT RO ,NEILA EHT FO EGAUGNAL EHT KAEPS OT NRAEL OT DAH I .SECIOHC OWT YLNO EREW EREHT TAHT DETSEGGUS EH ,EROFEREHT |
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.SNOITAN RO ,SPUORG ,ELPOEP LLA NEEWTEB NOITACINUMMOC NI ROTCAF GNITIMIL EHT SAW ,YLTNEULF ESU NAC SEITRAP LLA TAHT SDROW DENIFED YLRAELC FO YRALUBACOV NOMMOC A FO KCAL EHT .NERDLIHC LLAMS OWT NEEWTEB RO ,SGOD DNA NEM NEEWTEB GNIDNATSREDNU YRATNEMIDUR EHT DNOYEB ELBISSOP TON SAW NOITACINUMMOC ERUTALCNEMON DENIFED A TUOHTIW |
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.MEHT ROF RETTAM EHT PU SRAELC SIHT .GNISU ERA YEHT DROW EHT FO SGNINAEM TCAXE EHT NWOD ETIRW OT )ETONTOOF( 93 SRETCARAHC ESENIHC DRADNATS GNISU YB MELBORP SIHT EVLOS YEHT .NOITACINUMMOC YAD OT YAD NI NOISUFNOC FO TOL A ESUAC HCIHW EGAUGNAL RIEHT NI )ETONTOOF( 83 SMYNOMOH FO TOL A EVAH ELPOEP ESENAPAJ EHT TAHT DIAS EH .SGNINAEM DNA STPECNOC ESICERP YREV YEVNOC EGAUGNAL NI SLOBMYS DNA SDROW |
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.EGAUGNAL NOMMOC A HGUORHT ETACINUMMOC DNA DNATSREDNU OT DEDEEN SEITRAP HTOB ,NEPPAH OT NOITACINUMMOC EVISNEHERPMOC ,RAELC YNA ROF REDRO NI ,DNOCES .FLESYM NAHT REHTO ENOYNA HTIW ETACINUMMOC OT SSENGNILLIWNU REH HTIW OD OT EROM DAH TI .ETACINUMMOC OT NEILA EHT FO YTILIBANI EHT HTIW OD OT ELTTIL YREV DAH MELBORP EHT ,TSRIF ,TAHT DENIALPXE EH .MELBORP EHT OT NOITULOS A DNA NOITANALPXE NA DAH )ETONTOOF( 73 ,YVAN EHT MORF TSILAICEPS EGAUGNAL ESENAPAJ A SAW OHW ,ELBWEN NHOJ DEMAN WOLLEF REVELC YREV A ,YLETANUTROF |
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.REH HTIW ETACINUMMOC DLUOC OHW DNUOF NEEB DAH ESLE ENO ON TAHT RO ,ESLE ENOYNA HTIW ETACINUMMOC OT DESUFER NEILA EHT TAHT TCAF EHT FO ETIPS NI ,NOITISOP YM MORF DEVOMER EB OT GNIOG SAW I ERUS SAW I !EROFEB NAHT STNEMUGRA EROM NEVE SAW EREHT ,WON DNA |
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!PU GNIVIG EKIL TLEF TSOMLA I TNIOP TAHT TA DEGARUOCSID OS SAW I .YROTCAFSITAS EB OT HGUONE YLRAELC NEILA EHT FO EGAUGNAL CIHTAPELET EHT DNATSREDNU OT YTILIBANI YM HTIW OD OT DAH MELBORP NOITACINUMMOC EHT SPAHREP TAHT SLAICIFFO EHT DLOT I .SNOITNETNI CIHTAPELET REH ETALUCITRA OT DLUOC I TSEB EHT GNIOD SAW I TUB ,REHTIE TNAEM EHS TAHW DNATSREDNU YLLAER T'NDLUOC I TAHT DETTIMDA I |
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.SIHT YB TNAEM NEILA EHT TAHW DNATSREDNU TON DLUOC YEHT .LENNOSREP YRATILIM DNA STNEGA ECNEGILLETNI DELBMESSA EHT MORF NOITPECER LACITPEKS DNA MIRG A DEVIECER I NOITSEUQ SIHT OT ESNOPSER NEILA EHT TROPER OT MOOR WEIVRETNI EHT MORF DENRUTER I NEHW" |
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)ETON LANOSREP YORLECAM LLENNOD'O ADLITAM( |
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".DNATSREDNU / WONK / NRAEL TSUM .SREHTO ON .SNOITSEUQ EHS YLNO .SRAEH EHS YLNO .SKAEPS EHS YLNO |
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- REWSNA |
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".SNOITSEUQ RUO REWSNA OT HGUONE EFAS LEEF UOY EKAM LLIW TAHT SU MORF ERIUQER UOY OD FOORP RO ECNARUSSA TAHW" - NOITSEUQ" |
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NOISSES DR3 ,7491 .7 .11 ,WEIVRETNI NEILA :TCEJBUS |
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PUORG BMOB HT905 ,DLEIF RIA YMRA LLEWSOR ECROF RIA YMRA .S.U EHT FO TPIRCSNART LAICIFFO |
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TERCES POT |
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)WEIVRETNI FO TPIRCSNART LAICIFFO( |
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":NOITSEUQ GNIWOLLOF EHT OT REH MORF REWSNA YROTCAFSITAS A TEG DLUOC I DEDIVORP ,NEILA EHT WEIVRETNI OT EUNITNOC DEWOLLA EB DLUOHS I TAHT DEDICED YLLANIF SAW TI .SRUOH LAREVES ROF DETSAL SIHT |
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.SRETERPRETNI EGAUGNAL EHT DNA TSIGOLOHCYSP ,SLAICIFFO YRATILIM ,SRECIFFO ECNEGILLETNI EHT FO EMOS NEEWTEB ECALP KOOT NOISSUCSID DETAEH YREV A .LIOMRUT DNA TESPU FO LAED TAERG A SAW EREHT ,STNEGA ECNEGILLETNI EHT OT REWSNA "REWSNA ON" EHT ROF SNOSAER EHT EREW THGUOHT I TAHW DENIALPXE I RETFA" |
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)ETON LANOSREP YORLECAM LLENNOD'O ADLITAM( |
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REIRRAB EGAUGNAL EHT - RUOF RETPAHC |
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CHAPTER FOUR - THE LANGUAGE BARRIER |
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(MATILDA O'DONNELL MACELROY PERSONAL NOTE) |
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"AFTER I EXPLAINED WHAT I THOUGHT WERE THE REASONS FOR THE "NO ANSWER" ANSWER TO THE INTELLIGENCE AGENTS, THERE WAS A GREAT DEAL OF UPSET AND TURMOIL. A VERY HEATED DISCUSSION TOOK PLACE BETWEEN SOME OF THE INTELLIGENCE OFFICERS, MILITARY OFFICIALS, PSYCHOLOGIST AND THE LANGUAGE INTERPRETERS. |
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THIS LASTED FOR SEVERAL HOURS. IT WAS FINALLY DECIDED THAT I SHOULD BE ALLOWED CONTINUE TO INTERVIEW THE ALIEN, PROVIDED I COULD GET A SATISFACTORY ANSWER FROM HER TO THE FOLLOWING QUESTION:" |
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(OFFICIAL TRANSCRIPT OF INTERVIEW) |
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TOP SECRET |
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OFFICIAL TRANSCRIPT OF THE U.S. ARMY AIR FORCE ROSWELL ARMY AIR FIELD, 509TH BOMB GROUP |
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SUBJECT: ALIEN INTERVIEW, 11. 7. 1947, 3RD SESSION |
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"QUESTION - "WHAT ASSURANCE OR PROOF DO YOU REQUIRE FROM US THAT WILL MAKE YOU FEEL SAFE ENOUGH TO ANSWER OUR QUESTIONS." |
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ANSWER - |
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ONLY SHE SPEAKS. ONLY SHE HEARS. ONLY SHE QUESTIONS. NO OTHERS. MUST LEARN / KNOW / UNDERSTAND." |
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(MATILDA O'DONNELL MACELROY PERSONAL NOTE) |
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"WHEN I RETURNED FROM THE INTERVIEW ROOM TO REPORT THE ALIEN RESPONSE TO THIS QUESTION I RECEIVED A GRIM AND SKEPTICAL RECEPTION FROM THE ASSEMBLED INTELLIGENCE AGENTS AND MILITARY PERSONNEL. THEY COULD NOT UNDERSTAND WHAT THE ALIEN MEANT BY THIS. |
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I ADMITTED THAT I COULDN'T REALLY UNDERSTAND WHAT SHE MEANT EITHER, BUT I WAS DOING THE BEST I COULD TO ARTICULATE HER TELEPATHIC INTENTIONS. I TOLD THE OFFICIALS THAT PERHAPS THE COMMUNICATION PROBLEM HAD TO DO WITH MY INABILITY TO UNDERSTAND THE TELEPATHIC LANGUAGE OF THE ALIEN CLEARLY ENOUGH TO BE SATISFACTORY. I WAS SO DISCOURAGED AT THAT POINT I ALMOST FELT LIKE GIVING UP! |
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AND NOW, THERE WAS EVEN MORE ARGUMENTS THAN BEFORE! I WAS SURE I WAS GOING TO BE REMOVED FROM MY POSITION, IN SPITE OF THE FACT THAT THE ALIEN REFUSED TO COMMUNICATE WITH ANYONE ELSE, OR THAT NO ONE ELSE HAD BEEN FOUND WHO COULD COMMUNICATE WITH HER. |
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FORTUNATELY, A VERY CLEVER FELLOW NAMED JOHN NEWBLE, WHO WAS A JAPANESE LANGUAGE SPECIALIST FROM THE NAVY, 37 (FOOTNOTE) HAD AN EXPLANATION AND A SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM. HE EXPLAINED THAT, FIRST, THE PROBLEM HAD VERY LITTLE TO DO WITH THE INABILITY OF THE ALIEN TO COMMUNICATE. IT HAD MORE TO DO WITH HER UNWILLINGNESS TO COMMUNICATE WITH ANYONE OTHER THAN MYSELF. SECOND, IN ORDER FOR ANY CLEAR, COMPREHENSIVE COMMUNICATION TO HAPPEN, BOTH PARTIES NEEDED TO UNDERSTAND AND COMMUNICATE THROUGH A COMMON LANGUAGE. |
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WORDS AND SYMBOLS IN LANGUAGE CONVEY VERY PRECISE CONCEPTS AND MEANINGS. HE SAID THAT THE JAPANESE PEOPLE HAVE A LOT OF HOMONYMS 38 (FOOTNOTE) IN THEIR LANGUAGE WHICH CAUSE A LOT OF CONFUSION IN DAY TO DAY COMMUNICATION. THEY SOLVE THIS PROBLEM BY USING STANDARD CHINESE CHARACTERS 39 (FOOTNOTE) TO WRITE DOWN THE EXACT MEANINGS OF THE WORD THEY ARE USING. THIS CLEARS UP THE MATTER FOR THEM. |
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WITHOUT A DEFINED NOMENCLATURE COMMUNICATION WAS NOT POSSIBLE BEYOND THE RUDIMENTARY UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN MEN AND DOGS, OR BETWEEN TWO SMALL CHILDREN. THE LACK OF A COMMON VOCABULARY OF CLEARLY DEFINED WORDS THAT ALL PARTIES CAN USE FLUENTLY, WAS THE LIMITING FACTOR IN COMMUNICATION BETWEEN ALL PEOPLE, GROUPS, OR NATIONS. |
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THEREFORE, HE SUGGESTED THAT THERE WERE ONLY TWO CHOICES. I HAD TO LEARN TO SPEAK THE LANGUAGE OF THE ALIEN, OR THE ALIEN HAD TO LEARN TO SPEAK ENGLISH. FACTUALLY ONLY ONE CHOICE WAS POSSIBLE: THAT I PERSUADE AIRL TO LEARN ENGLISH, AND THAT I TEACH IT TO HER WITH THE GUIDANCE OF THE LANGUAGE SPECIALIST. NO ONE HAD ANY OBJECTION TO TRYING THIS APPROACH, AS THERE WERE NO OTHER SUGGESTIONS. |
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THE LANGUAGE SPECIALISTS SUGGESTED THAT I TAKE SEVERAL CHILDREN'S BOOKS, AND A BASIC READING PRIMER, AND GRAMMAR TEXT WITH ME INTO THE INTERVIEW ROOM. THE PLAN WAS THAT I WOULD SIT NEXT TO THE ALIEN AND READ ALOUD TO HER FROM THE BOOKS, WHILE POINTING TO THE TEXT I WAS READING WITH MY FINGER SO THAT SHE COULD FOLLOW ALONG. |
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||||
THE THEORY WAS THAT THE ALIEN COULD EVENTUALLY BE TAUGHT TO READ, JUST AS A CHILD IS TAUGHT TO READ BY WORD AND SOUND ASSOCIATION WITH THE WRITTEN WORD, AS WELL AS INSTRUCTION IN FUNDAMENTAL GRAMMAR. THEY ALSO ASSUMED, I THINK, THAT IF THE ALIEN WAS INTELLIGENT ENOUGH TO COMMUNICATE WITH ME TELEPATHICALLY, AND FLY A SPACE CRAFT ACROSS THE GALAXY, THAT SHE COULD PROBABLY LEARN TO SPEAK A LANGUAGE AS QUICKLY AS A 5 YEAR OLD, OR FASTER! |
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I RETURNED TO THE INTERVIEW ROOM AND PROPOSED THIS IDEA TO AIRL. SHE DID NOT OBJECT TO LEARNING THE LANGUAGE, ALTHOUGH SHE DID NOT MAKE ANY COMMITMENT TO ANSWER QUESTIONS EITHER. |
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NO ONE ELSE HAD A BETTER IDEA, SO WE WENT AHEAD." |
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FOOTNOTES |
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||||
37 "... A JAPANESE LANGUAGE SPECIALIST FROM THE NAVY ... " |
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"JOHN A. KNEUBUHL, WAS OF MIXED SAMOAN/AMERICAN ANCESTRY, JOHN WAS AN ACCLAIMED PACIFIC ISLAND PLAYWRIGHT WHO DIED IN 1992. BORN OF SAMOAN, ENGLISH AND GERMAN ANCESTRY, KNEUBUHL GREW UP IN HIS SAMOAN GRANDMOTHER'S THATCHED HUT UNTIL HE WAS 13 YEARS OLD. HE WAS EDUCATED AT PUNAHOU AND YALE AND WROTE PLAYS FOR THE HONOLULU COMMUNITY THEATER. HE JOINED THE US NAVY IN 1942, ENTERING THE US NAVY JAPANESE LANGUAGE SCHOOL AT THE UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO IN JULY 1942 AND GRADUATED IN AUGUST 1943. HE SERVED AS A NAVY JAPANESE LANGUAGE OFFICER. |
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||||
AFTER THE WAR, HE SPENT 20 YEARS AS A TV WRITER IN HOLLYWOOD, WRITING SCRIPTS FOR THE WILD, WILD WEST, WATERFRONT, MARKHAM, WEST POINT STORY, AND OTHER SHOWS. JOHN WROTE THE STORY FOR THE STAR TREK: THE ORIGINAL SERIES EPISODE "BREAD AND CIRCUSES", ALTHOUGH HE DID NOT RECEIVE SCREEN CREDIT IN THE FINISHED EPISODE. OVERVIEW: CAPTAIN KIRK AND HIS COMPANIONS ARE FORCED TO FIGHT IN GLADIATORIAL GAMES ON A PLANET MODELED AFTER THE ROMAN EMPIRE." |
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-- REFERENCES: WIKIPEDIA.ORG AND |
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HTTP://209.85.173.104/SEARCH?Q=CACHE:ZIAM_BPDRQEJ:UCBLIBRARIES.COLORADO.EDU/ARCHIVES/C OLLECTIONS/JLSP/INTERPRETER131 .DOC+LANGUAGE+EXPERT,+1947&HL=EN&CT=CLNK&CD=3&GL=US. |
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38 "... THE JAPANESE PEOPLE HAVE A GREAT NUMBER OF HOMONYMS..." |
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"IN LINGUISTICS, A HOMONYM IS ONE OF A GROUP OF WORDS THAT SHARE THE SAME SPELLING AND THE SAME PRONUNCIATION BUT HAVE DIFFERENT MEANINGS. SOME SOURCES ONLY REQUIRE THAT HOMONYMS SHARE THE SAME SPELLING OR PRONUNCIATION (IN ADDITION TO HAVING DIFFERENT MEANINGS). EXAMPLES OF HOMONYMS ARE STALK (WHICH CAN MEAN EITHER PART OF A PLANT OR TO FOLLOW SOMEONE AROUND), BEAR (ANIMAL) AND BEAR (CARRY), LEFT (OPPOSITE OF RIGHT) AND LEFT (PAST TENSE OF LEAVE). |
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||||
SOME SOURCES ALSO CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING TRIO OF WORDS TO BE HOMONYMS, BUT OTHERS DESIGNATE THEM AS "ONLY" HOMOPHONES: TO, TOO AND TWO (ACTUALLY, TO, TO, TOO, TOO AND TWO, BEING "FOR THE PURPOSE OR AS IN 'TO MAKE IT EASIER", THE OPPOSITE OF "FROM", ALSO, EXCESSIVELY, AND "2", RESPECTIVELY). THE WORD "HOMONYM" COMES FROM THE CONJUNCTION OF THE GREEK PREFIX HOMO- (MEANING SAME) AND SUFFIX -ONYM (MEANING NAME). THUS, IT REFERS TO TWO OR MORE DISTINCT WORDS SHARING THE "SAME NAME"." |
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-- REFERENCE: WIKIPEDIA.ORG |
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||||
39 "...STANDARD CHINESE CHARACTERS..." |
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"A CHINESE CHARACTER OR HAN CHARACTER (SIMPLIFIED CHINESE: ; TRADITIONAL CHINESE: ; PINYIN: HANZI) IS A LOGOGRAM USED IN WRITING CHINESE, JAPANESE, SOMETIMES KOREAN, AND FORMERLY VIETNAMESE. THE NUMBER OF CHINESE CHARACTERS CONTAINED IN THE KANGXI DICTIONARY IS APPROXIMATELY 47,035, ALTHOUGH A LARGE NUMBER OF THESE ARE RARELY USED VARIANTS ACCUMULATED THROUGHOUT HISTORY. STUDIES CARRIED OUT IN CHINA HAVE SHOWN THAT FULL LITERACY REQUIRES A KNOWLEDGE OF BETWEEN THREE AND FOUR THOUSAND CHARACTERS. |
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IN THE CHINESE WRITING SYSTEM, EACH CHARACTER CORRESPONDS TO A SINGLE SPOKEN SYLLABLE. A MAJORITY OF WORDS IN ALL MODERN VARIETIES OF CHINESE ARE POLY-SYLLABIC AND THUS REQUIRE TWO OR MORE CHARACTERS TO WRITE. COGNATES IN THE VARIOUS CHINESE LANGUAGES/DIALECTS WHICH HAVE THE SAME OR SIMILAR MEANING BUT DIFFERENT PRONUNCIATIONS CAN BE WRITTEN WITH THE SAME CHARACTER. |
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IN ADDITION, MANY CHINESE CHARACTERS WERE ADOPTED ACCORDING TO THEIR MEANING BY THE JAPANESE AND KOREAN LANGUAGES TO REPRESENT NATIVE WORDS, DISREGARDING PRONUNCIATION ALTOGETHER." |
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-- REFERENCE: WIKIPEDIA.ORG |
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